![]() Īnvil damage or use-wear is one of the primary means by which an anvil stone may be distinguished from other naturally occurring stones and outcrops, , –. Stone anvil fracture has also been posited as a potential path to the creation of sharp-edged tools through intentional stone flaking, a trait that appears confined to the hominin lineage. One result is the formation of pits in the surface of both hammers and anvils, which have been noted as an indicator of pounding tool use for both non-human primates and hominins –. The use of stone for percussive tasks means that both hammers and anvils survive for a considerable period of time and can be used repeatedly, and the forceful impact associated with percussive strikes can damage the stones through fracture and abrasion. All three species use hand-held stones as pounding tools to access embedded food, and stone surfaces (including cobbles, boulders and outcrops) are among the natural substrates used as anvils by each species to support the pounded item. Stone tool use is currently known to be habitual or customary among members of three wild non-human primate species: western chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) in West Africa, Burmese long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis aurea) in Thailand, and bearded capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus libidinosus) in Brazil –. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. DF was funded by the University of Georgia, the National Geographic Society, and the L.S.B. EV was supported by the Short-Term Mobility program funded by the CNR. ![]() RMC was supported by a CNPq scholarship (process: CNPq 143014/2009-9). All relevant data are within the paper.įunding: MH was supported by the OUP John Fell Fund, an UK Arts and Humanities Research Council Early Career Fellowship and European Research Council Starting Grant #283959 (PRIMARCH). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Received: JAccepted: SeptemPublished: November 5, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Haslam et al. PLoS ONE 9(11):Įditor: Roscoe Stanyon, University of Florence, Italy Destruction of the anvil through use has continued for three years since the experiment, resulting in both a pitted surface and a surrounding archaeological debris field that replicate features seen at natural FBV anvils.Ĭitation: Haslam M, Cardoso RM, Visalberghi E, Fragaszy D (2014) Stone Anvil Damage by Wild Bearded Capuchins ( Sapajus libidinosus) during Pounding Tool Use: A Field Experiment. Visible anvil damage was rapid, occurring within a day of the anvil's introduction to the field laboratory. Whole nuts were preferentially placed within pits for cracking, and partially-broken nuts outside the established pits. We found that new pits were formed with approximately every 10 nuts cracked, (corresponding to an average of 38 strikes with a stone tool), and that adult males were the primary initiators of new pit positions on the anvil. We measured the size and rate of pit formation, and recorded when adult and immature monkeys removed loose material from the anvil surface. The anvil was undamaged when set up at the Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV) field laboratory in Piauí, Brazil, and subsequently the monkeys indirectly created a series of pits and destroyed the anvil surface by cracking palm nuts on it. We recorded the damage that wild bearded capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus libidinosus) caused to a sandstone anvil during pounding stone tool use, in an experimental setting.
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